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Annals of Oncology Advance Access published online on December 1, 2005
Annals of Oncology, doi:10.1093/annonc/mdj066
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© 2005 European Society for Medical Oncology
Received August 23, 2005
Revised October 3, 2005
Accepted October 4, 2005

original article

Metronomic low-dose oral cyclophosphamide and methotrexate plus or minus thalidomide in metastatic breast cancer: antitumor activity and biological effects

M. Colleoni 1 *, L. Orlando 1, G. Sanna 1, A. Rocca 1, P. Maisonneuve 2, G. Peruzzotti 1, R. Ghisini 1, M. T. Sandri 3, L. Zorzino 3, F. Nolè 1, G. Viale 4, and A. Goldhirsch 1

1 Division of Medical Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
2 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
3 Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
4 University of Milan School of Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
M. Colleoni, E-mail: marco.colleoni{at}ieo.it


  Abstract

Background: We previously demonstrated efficacy and impact on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for metronomic cyclophosphamide (C) and methotrexate (M) in patients with breast cancer. New metronomic schedules were investigated.

Patients and methods: Patients with advanced breast cancer were randomized to receive oral C (50 mg daily) and M (2.5 mg twice daily on days 1 and 4) (arm A) or the same regimen plus thalidomide (200 mg daily) (arm B).

Results: The mean VEGF level decreased from 378.9 (± 274.4) pg/ml at baseline to 305.9 (± 203.6) pg/ml at 2 months (P < 0.001), with similar change with respect to baseline in both arms. In 171 evaluable patients we observed three complete remissions (CR) in both arms A and B, 15 partial remission (PR) in arm A and seven in arm B, for an overall response of 20.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.9% to 31%] in arm A and 11.8% (95% CI 5.8% to 20.6%) in arm B. The clinical benefit (CR + PR + SD ≥ 24 weeks) was 41.5% for both arms. Toxicity was generally mild. Higher neurological toxicity (2% versus 60%; P < 0.0001) and constipation (8% versus 51%; P < 0.0001) was observed in arm B.

Conclusions: Metronomic low-dose CM induced a drop in VEGF, and was effective and minimally toxic. The addition of thalidomide did not improve results.

Keywords: angiogenesis; breast cancer; cyclophosphamide; methotrexate; metronomic chemotherapy.
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