Annals of Oncology Advance Access originally published online on January 24, 2005
Annals of Oncology 2005 16(3):514-515; doi:10.1093/annonc/mdi073
© 2005 European Society for Medical Oncology
Letter to the Editor |
Uncommon manifestation of bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity in a patient with Hodgkin's disease
Bleomycin is an antitumor antibiotic isolated from a strain of Streptomyces verticillus in 1966. It has been used successfully to treat a variety of tumors, including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, cervix, and esophagus, as well as germ cell tumors and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The major limitation of bleomycin therapy is the potential for developing life-threatening pulmonary toxicity, which most commonly takes the form of interstitial pneumonitis. Nevertheless, other forms of lung injury have also been reported, although less commonly [1
]. We report the case of a patient who received bleomycin and subsequently developed an uncommon manifestation of pulmonary toxicity. A 24-year-old female patient was diagnosed with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease in January 2002. Cervical and mediastinal lymphadenopathy were identified; the patient was staged as IIB and was treated with a combination of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD). A computed tomography (CT) examination of the chest obtained after three cycles of ABVD revealed development of bilateral, peripheral, poorly defined areas of focal consolidation and bronchial wall thickening, and at the same time significant amelioration of the pre-existing mediastinal lymphadenopathy (Figure 1). The patient was completely asymptomatic and afebrile, while routine laboratory investigation was within the normal limits. Extensive work-up, including bronchoalveolar lavage, in order to identify a possible infectious cause of the pulmonary infiltrates yielded negative results. The patient was empirically treated with multiple antimicrobial, antituberculous and antifungal agents without any improvement of the radiological findings. Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy disclosed sparse infiltration with inflammatory cells and a few hyperplastic pneumocytes; no evidence of malignancy or infection was identified. The radiological findings were attributed to bleomycin toxicity and resolved spontaneously and completely 2 months after cessation of its administration. Subsequently, the patient was treated with three cycles of a non-bleomycin-containing regimen [chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisone (ChlVPP) combined with etoposide, vincristine and adriamycin (EVA)] and achieved a complete remission, which is sustained after a follow-up of 15 months.
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Bleomycin is inactivated in vivo by bleomycin hydrolase, a cytosolic aminopeptidase. This enzyme is active in all tissues with the exception of the skin and the lung, which may account for the specific toxicity of the drug to these organs [2
]. The mechanisms of bleomycin-induced lung injury are not entirely clear. The acute pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin has been attributed to DNA strand scission [3].
Several factors, including age, drug dose, renal function, concomitant use of oxygen, radiation therapy and a smoking history, may increase the risk of developing bleomycin lung toxicity [4]. Although administration of higher doses of bleomycin clearly increases the risk of lung injury, injury can occur at doses <50 mg. The patient described here received a cumulative bleomycin dose of 90 mg/m2, and none of the other clinical factors predisposing to lung toxicity were present.
Unlike patients with bleomycin-induced pneumonitis, patients with other pulmonary syndromes can be asymptomatic at presentation [5]. Bleomycin-induced alterations may appear earlier on CT than on chest radiographs [4]. Differentiation of these findings from manifestations of the primary disease can be difficult, and biopsy may be required [5].
There are no studies demonstrating the efficacy of therapy for bleomycin-induced lung injury in humans. Corticosteroids are widely applied when bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity occurs, but data supporting their efficacy is scarce [4]. We did not administer corticosteroids in our patient, since the diagnosis was uncertain and the radiological findings showed gradual improvement; nevertheless, we decided to withhold further bleomycin administration and applied a non-bleomycin-containing regimen after the complete resolution of the pulmonary infiltrates.
In conclusion, pulmonary toxicity is a frequent and sometimes severe side-effect of bleomycin. Its manifestations are variable and the clinician should be able to promptly identify and differentiate them from other conditions in order to institute the appropriate treatment, if this is possible.
1 Haematology Section, Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki; 2 First Radiology Department, Ippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 3 Department of Pathology, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
* Email: ktziomalos{at}yahoo.com
References
1. Jules-Elysee K, White DA. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity. Clin Chest Med 1990; 11: 1–20.[Web of Science][Medline]
2. Onuma T, Holland JF, Masuda H et al. Microbiological assay of bleomycin: inactivation, tissue distribution, and clearance. Cancer 1974; 33: 1230–1238.[CrossRef][Medline]
3. Harrison JH Jr, Hoyt DG, Lazo JS. Acute pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin: DNA scission and matrix protein mRNA levels in bleomycin-sensitive and -resistant strains of mice. Mol Pharmacol 1989; 36: 231–238.[Abstract]
4. Sleijfer S. Bleomycin-induced pneumonitis. Chest 2001; 120: 617–624.
5. Rossi SE, Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP et al. Pulmonary drug toxicity: radiologic and pathologic manifestations. Radiographics 2000; 20: 1245–1259.
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