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Annals of Oncology 2009 20(Supplement 4):iv54-iv56; doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp128
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

ESMO clinical recommendations

Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

B. Glimelius1, J. Oliveira2 and On behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Working Group*

1 Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Uppsala and Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
2 Service of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal

* Correspondence to: ESMO Guidelines Working Group, ESMO Head Office, Via L. Taddei 4, CH-6962 Viganello-Lugano, Switzerland; E-mail: clinicalrecommendations@esmo.org

The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below.


   incidence
 
The crude incidence of rectal cancer in the European Union is approximately 35% of the total colorectal cancer incidence, i.e. 15–25/100 000 per year. The mortality is 4–10/100 000 per year with the lower figures valid for females, the higher for males.


   diagnosis
 
Diagnosis is based on a clinical rectal examination including rigid proctoscopy with biopsy for histopathological examination. Tumors with distal extension to 15 cm or less (as measured by rigid proctoscopy) from the anal margin are classified as rectal, more proximal tumors as colonic.


   staging and risk assessment
 
. . . [Full Text of this Article]


   treatment
 
localized disease
overall strategy.
need for quality assurance and control.
risk-adapted treatment.
postoperative therapy.
local recurrences
disseminated disease

   follow-up
 

   note
 

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