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Annals of Oncology 2009 20(Supplement 4):iv41-iv45; doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp124
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

ESMO clinical recommendations

Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

S. Jelic and On behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Working Group*

Internal Medicine Service, Institute of Oncology and Radiology, Belgrade, Serbia

* Correspondence to: ESMO Guidelines Working Group, ESMO Head Office, Via L. Taddei 4, CH-6962 Viganello-Lugano, Switzerland; E-mail: clinicalrecommendations@esmo.org

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   incidence
 
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in men and eighth most common cancer in women worldwide. Its crude incidence in the European Union is 8.29/100 000. Areas such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with high rates of infectious hepatitis have incidences as high as 120 cases per 100 000. It is 4–8 times more common in men and usually associated with chronic liver injury (hepatitis B, hepatitis C and alcoholic cirrhosis). Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus in the setting of cirrhosis increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma 1000-fold. Some 5–30% of individuals with HCV infection develop chronic liver disease, about 30% progress to cirrhosis, and in these, 1–2% per year develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Co-infection with HBV further increases the risk. Alcohol abuse in . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   surveillance
 

   diagnosis
 

   staging and risk assessment
 

   treatment plan
 
localized resectable tumors (T1, T2, T3 and selected T4; N0; M0)
localized unresectable tumors (selected T2, T3 and T4; N0; M0)
advanced tumors (any T; N+; M1)

   response assessment
 

   prevention
 

   follow-up
 

   note
 

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