Annals of Oncology 12:173-178, 2001
© 2001 European Society for Medical Oncology
research-article |
Dietary glycemic load and colorectal cancer risk
1Servizio di Epidemiologia, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Aviano, Italy
2Field and Intervention Studies Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, France
3Department of Nutritional Sciences. Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri’
5Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology
6Instituto di Statistica Medico e Biometria. Università, degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
Servizio di Epidemiologia Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Istituto Nazionale Tumori Via Pedemontana Occ 33081 Aviano (PN) Italyepidemiology{at}ets.it
BACKGROUND:: Insulin and insulin-like growth factors can stimulate proliferation of colorectal cells. High intake of refined carbohydrates and markers of insulin resistance are associated with colorectal cancer. To test the insulin/colon cancer hypothesis, we determined whether the dietary glycemic index and the glyceniic load are associated with colorectal cancer risk.
DESIGN: A case-control study on colorectal cancer conducted in Italy. Cases included 1125 men and 828 women with histologically confirmed incident cancer of the colon or rectum. Controls were 2073 men and 2081 women hospitalized for acute conditions. We calculated average daily dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, and fiber intake from a validated food frequency questionnaire.
RESULTS:: Direct associations with colorectal cancer risk emerged for glycemic index (odds ratio (OR) in highest vs. lowest quintile = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4–2.0) and glycemic load (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5–2.2), after allowance for sociodemographic factors, physical activity, number of daily meals, and intakes of fiber, alcohol and energy. ORs were more elevated for cancer of the colon than rectum. Overweight and low intake of fiber from vegetables and fruit appeared to amplify the adverse consequences of high glycemic load.
CONCLUSIONS:: The positive associations of glycemic index and load with colorectal cancer suggest a detrimental role of refined carbohydrates in the etiology of the disease.
colon cancer, fiber, glycemic load, rectal cancer
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  H. G Mulholland, L. J Murray, C. R Cardwell, and M. M Cantwell Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of digestive tract neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2009; 89(2): 568 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. M. Wolpin, J. A. Meyerhardt, A. T. Chan, K. Ng, J. A. Chan, K. Wu, M. N. Pollak, E. L. Giovannucci, and C. S. Fuchs Insulin, the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis, and Mortality in Patients With Nonmetastatic Colorectal Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., January 10, 2009; 27(2): 176 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. C Howarth, S. P Murphy, L. R Wilkens, B. E Henderson, and L. N Kolonel The association of glycemic load and carbohydrate intake with colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2008; 88(4): 1074 - 1082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Marsh and J. Brand-Miller State of the Art Reviews: Glycemic Index, Obesity, and Chronic Disease American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 142 - 150. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Livesey, R. Taylor, T. Hulshof, and J. Howlett Glycemic response and health a systematic review and meta-analysis: the database, study characteristics, and macronutrient intakes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2008; 87(1): 223S - 236S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. W. Wong and D. J. A. Jenkins Carbohydrate Digestibility and Metabolic Effects J. Nutr., November 1, 2007; 137(11): 2539S - 2546S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C. Larsson, E. Giovannucci, and A. Wolk Dietary Carbohydrate, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load in Relation to Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2007; 165(3): 256 - 261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Flood, U. Peters, D. J. Jenkins, N. Chatterjee, A. F Subar, T. R Church, R. Bresalier, J. L Weissfeld, R. B Hayes, A. Schatzkin, et al. Carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load and colorectal adenomas in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Screening Study. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 1184 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Lanza, T. J. Hartman, P. S. Albert, R. Shields, M. Slattery, B. Caan, E. Paskett, F. Iber, J. W. Kikendall, P. Lance, et al. High Dry Bean Intake and Reduced Risk of Advanced Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence among Participants in the Polyp Prevention Trial J. Nutr., July 1, 2006; 136(7): 1896 - 1903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. McCarl, L. Harnack, P. J. Limburg, K. E. Anderson, and A. R. Folsom Incidence of colorectal cancer in relation to glycemic index and load in a cohort of women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2006; 15(5): 892 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Venn, A. J. Wallace, J. A. Monro, T. Perry, R. Brown, C. Frampton, and T. J. Green The Glycemic Load Estimated from the Glycemic Index Does Not Differ Greatly from That Measured Using a Standard Curve in Healthy Volunteers J. Nutr., May 1, 2006; 136(5): 1377 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Garsetti, S. Vinoy, V. Lang, S. Holt, S. Loyer, and J. C Brand-Miller The Glycemic and Insulinemic Index of Plain Sweet Biscuits: Relationships to in Vitro Starch Digestibility J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2005; 24(6): 441 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C Brand-Miller, V. Liu, P. Petocz, and R. C Baxter The glycemic index of foods influences postprandial insulin-like growth factor-binding protein responses in lean young subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2005; 82(2): 350 - 354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Tasevska, S. A. Runswick, A. McTaggart, and S. A. Bingham Urinary Sucrose and Fructose as Biomarkers for Sugar Consumption Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1287 - 1294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. K. Wei, J. Ma, M. N. Pollak, N. Rifai, C. S. Fuchs, S. E. Hankinson, and E. Giovannucci A Prospective Study of C-Peptide, Insulin-like Growth Factor-I, Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1, and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2005; 14(4): 850 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Satia, T. Keku, J. A. Galanko, C. Martin, R. T. Doctolero, A. Tajima, R. S. Sandler, and J. M. Carethers Diet, Lifestyle, and Genomic Instability in the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2005; 14(2): 429 - 436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Michaud, C. S. Fuchs, S. Liu, W. C. Willett, G. A. Colditz, and E. Giovannucci Dietary Glycemic Load, Carbohydrate, Sugar, and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men and Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 138 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Link and J. D. Potter Raw versus Cooked Vegetables and Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2004; 13(9): 1422 - 1435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C Brand-Miller Postprandial glycemia, glycemic index, and the prevention of type 2 diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 243 - 244. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Oh, W. C. Willett, C. S. Fuchs, and E. L. Giovannucci Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Carbohydrate Intake in Relation to Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2004; 13(7): 1192 - 1198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Slattery, W. Samowitz, K. Curtin, K. N. Ma, M. Hoffman, B. Caan, and S. Neuhausen Associations among IRS1, IRS2, IGF1, and IGFBP3 Genetic Polymorphisms and Colorectal Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2004; 13(7): 1206 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Jenkins, C. W. Kendall, A. Marchie, and L. S. Augustin Too much sugar, too much carbohydrate, or just too much? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2004; 79(5): 711 - 712. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. S. A. Augustin, S. Gallus, E. Negri, and C. La Vecchia Glycemic index, glycemic load and risk of gastric cancer Ann. Onc., April 1, 2004; 15(4): 581 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Higginbotham, Z.-F. Zhang, I-M. Lee, N. R. Cook, E. Giovannucci, J. E. Buring, and S. Liu Dietary Glycemic Load and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Women's Health Study J Natl Cancer Inst, February 4, 2004; 96(3): 229 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. B. Boyd Insulin and Cancer Integr Cancer Ther, December 1, 2003; 2(4): 315 - 329. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Satia-Abouta, J. A. Galanko, J. D. Potter, A. Ammerman, C. F. Martin, and R. S. Sandler Associations of Total Energy and Macronutrients with Colon Cancer Risk in African Americans and Whites: Results from the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2003; 158(10): 951 - 962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Cho, D. Spiegelman, D. J. Hunter, W. Y. Chen, G. A. Colditz, and W. C. Willett Premenopausal Dietary Carbohydrate, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Fiber in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2003; 12(11): 1153 - 1158. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Jenkins, C. W. Kendall, A. Marchie, A. L Jenkins, L. S. Augustin, D. S Ludwig, N. D Barnard, and J. W Anderson Type 2 diabetes and the vegetarian diet Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 610S - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Ludwig Glycemic Load Comes of Age J. Nutr., September 1, 2003; 133(9): 2695 - 2696. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Brand-Miller, M. Thomas, V. Swan, Z. I. Ahmad, P. Petocz, and S. Colagiuri Physiological Validation of the Concept of Glycemic Load in Lean Young Adults J. Nutr., September 1, 2003; 133(9): 2728 - 2732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Brand-Miller, S. Hayne, P. Petocz, and S. Colagiuri Low-Glycemic Index Diets in the Management of Diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Diabetes Care, August 1, 2003; 26(8): 2261 - 2267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. D. Terry, M. Jain, A. B. Miller, G. R. Howe, and T. E. Rohan Glycemic Load, Carbohydrate Intake, and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study J Natl Cancer Inst, June 18, 2003; 95(12): 914 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Komninou, A. Ayonote, J. P. Richie Jr., and B. Rigas Insulin Resistance and Its Contribution to Colon Carcinogenesis Experimental Biology and Medicine, April 1, 2003; 228(4): 396 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. S. A. Augustin, J. Polesel, C. Bosetti, C. W. C. Kendall, C. La Vecchia, M. Parpinel, E. Conti, M. Montella, S. Franceschi, D. J. A. Jenkins, et al. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and ovarian cancer risk: a case-control study in Italy Ann. Onc., January 1, 2003; 14(1): 78 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Pelucchi, R. Talamini, F. Levi, C. Bosetti, C. La Vecchia, E. Negri, M. Parpinel, and S. Franceschi Fibre intake and laryngeal cancer risk Ann. Onc., January 1, 2003; 14(1): 162 - 167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Boyle and M. E. Leon Epidemiology of colorectal cancer Br. Med. Bull., December 1, 2002; 64(1): 1 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Levi, C. Pasche, F. Lucchini, C. Bosetti, and C. La Vecchia Glycaemic index, breast and colorectal cancer Ann. Onc., October 1, 2002; 13(10): 1688 - 1689. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Foster-Powell, S. H. Holt, and J. C Brand-Miller International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2002; 76(1): 5 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Jenkins, C. W. Kendall, L. S. Augustin, S. Franceschi, M. Hamidi, A. Marchie, A. L Jenkins, and M. Axelsen Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2002; 76(1): 266S - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Smith-Warner, P. J. Elmer, L. Fosdick, B. Randall, R. M. Bostick, G. Grandits, P. Grambsch, T. A. Louis, J. R. Wood, and J. D. Potter Fruits, Vegetables, and Adenomatous Polyps : The Minnesota Cancer Prevention Research Unit Case-Control Study Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2002; 155(12): 1104 - 1113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|